Teaching of English (6493) B.Ed
(6493) B.Ed Autumn 2021 Solved, AIOU
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AIOU Solved Assignment 1&2 Code 6493Autumn & Spring 2021
aiou sloved Assignment no 1 spring 2021
aiou sloved Assignment no 2 spring 2021
Question No 1
Give your views about
English as Foreign Language in Pakistan.
In
the country of Pakistan, English is a co-official language with Urdu. Linguist
Tom McArthur reports that English is used as a second language "by a
national minority of c.3 million in a population of c.133 million." The
slang term Piggish is sometimes used as an informal (and often unflattering)
synonym for Pakistani English.
The
use of English in the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent dates before the creation of
Pakistan. English language was first introduced in Indo-Pak subcontinent by the
British rulers in the 16th century. Throughout the
British
rule, English language continued to gain official, political and social status.
During British rule it first spread due to the economic and social mobility
associated with this language. People learned English mainly through formal
education.
Since
its creation in 1947, the English language has been a central part of Pakistan
in official, economic and educational spheres despite the fact that Urdu is the
national language. The high status of English language from the inception of
Pakistan may be viewed by the inaugural speech of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder
of the nation who was the first governor general of Pakistan and delivered his
speech in English to the first constituent assembly on the occasion of Pakistan’s
independence. In short, by the time Pakistan gained independence, the English
language had been so deep-rooted in the socio-political fabric of the country
that it was constitutionally kept as one of the official languages Research
exclusively based on English language and identity has hitherto been conducted
in the country though it has been discussed as an allied topic in some researches.
Mahboob also highlights that there is a dearth of local research related to
English language teaching and learning and its impact on learners. So, the
present research is an effort to somewhat fill this vacuum.
Now-a-days,
English has become the international language. It play’s an indispensable role
in every field of life. It is believed that English speaker is like a magician
in current era.Englaish language plays an important role in the educational
institute of Pakistan.
To
begin with English language is used as a medium of instruction in the
educational institutions. For instance, the teacher deliver their lectures
throughout in the English language at the universities. Similarly, the teachers
force their students to speak English during the class. In this way, we can see
the importance of English language in the higher level education. In addition,
the teacher teaches English language to their students through different
courses such as TEFL. As well as, students have opportunity to improve their speaking
skill through the conversation with their teachers and fellows in English
language. Therefore educational institution gives presence to English language
as a medium of instruction. As a language teacher you often find yourself
thinking that what methods and techniques can be useful in the classroom. The
choice of any specific teaching technique depends on certain factors such as
nature of the language, preparation and experience of the teacher and
background and environment of the learners. We are going to discuss some
principles of teaching English as a foreign language are discusses in the
following pages.
Question No 2
Write a detailed ESSAY on process of learning mother tongue.
The
term "language" has acquired many meanings depending on the context
of its use. Technically speaking, we can say that language is a system of
special signs and symbols, which is interpreted in a certain pragmatic context
of its use. However, if we approach this concept from a more emotional point of
view, it is revealed to us in a much broader sense.
The
mother tongue is the language that we use most freely and actively in all cases
of daily life. The child learns the world through the mother tongue. This term
refers to the language we hear from our parents, which we are brought up in and
which is common to the people and the place where we were born. Each nation has
its own. Our mother tongue is a reflection of culture and traditions, our
heritage.
List of Topics for Your Essay
At
first glance, it may seem to you that the topic of an essay on the native
language is quite one-vector. However, it can be viewed from different angles.
We have compiled a list of topics for essays that are worth writing about.
Mother
tongue in bilingual families.
The
difference between a mother tongue and a first language.
Does
English displace the native languages of other nationalities?
My
thoughts on Amy Tan's "Mother Tongue."
Native
language as the basis of national identity.
The
role of the mother tongue for immigrants.
Perfect
English as a means of achieving goals.
Why
is it important to get an education in your mother tongue?
·
The Power Of
My Mother Tongue
I
am a Native American, and English language is my mother tongue. It is the
language in which I express my thoughts of any content and in which I think. I
have heard it since birth. What's more, the first time I heard it was before I
was born when my mother talked to me and sang me songs. And I sincerely believe
that my mother tongue is the most powerful language in the world.
I
think that knowing English is a great advantage for all people. From my point
of view, the power of language lies in its capabilities. Proper English is the
language of opportunity. And bad or broken English significantly reduces the
chances of success in various spheres of life. Why do I think so? In the wake
of modern technology, English has conquered the world in a way that no other
language in human history has. All countries recognize its special role.
Today,
English is the language of the global economy and business environment. Even if
the international company is located in Sweden or France, its employees
communicate and correspond in English.
English
is the language of intercultural communication in a globalized world because no
matter whom you are: Chinese, Italian, Spanish, or German, you will speak
English together. In many countries where there are interethnic tensions,
English plays the role of an ethnically neutral language.
I
can give many more arguments in support of my opinion. However, it is difficult
to argue here - my native language accumulates power that is not inherent in
any other language in the world. And I'm proud of that fact.
·
Introduction
Start
so that the reader wants to read the text to the end. Choose a famous quote,
joke, or write an impressive fact. In the introduction, it is important to
write a thesis statement - the essay's main idea.
You
can start, for example, with an impressive or interesting fact about language.
Write why you are proud of your mother tongue or some interesting facts about
it. It may be appropriate to compare the features of different languages. Here
are some examples of good introductions:
"English
is spoken today three times more than those for whom it is not native. For 500
million people on the planet, English is their mother tongue, and for 1 billion
people, it is their second language."
"From
the way a person speaks, one can imagine the education, cultural level, and
general development of that person. Treating language carelessly means thinking
carelessly: inaccurate, roughly wrong. Mother tongue is a tool of thought: it
reflects the intelligence of man, respect for others, and neatness in the
broadest sense of the word."
"Mandarin
Chinese is the most popular language in the world, spoken by more than 885
million people. However, English has become the most widely used language in
the political and economic spheres in the international arena."
A Good Thesis Statement for Your
Mother Tongue Essay
The
thesis statement is your main opinion, a "painful" question that you
confirm in the text's main part. So when your story is ready, check out the
following:
Did
I answer the question? Did I prove my point?
If
you do not have ideas for your own thesis, you can use our:
English
is gradually displacing other languages.
Language
is not just a means of communication but also a powerful tool for preserving
culture and the nation as a whole.
Native
language is an integral part of the personality. The native language should be
preserved in any way for the sake of the cultural aspect of the nation.
The
level of proficiency in a person's mother tongue determines his or her cultural
level. Native language plays an important role in the social adaptation of the
population. We absorb the mother tongue with mother's milk. Even in bilingual
families, a child can have only one mother tongue.
Question No 3
How are
Direct Method and Grammar Translation
Method
different from one another?
In
Grammar translation method (GTM) the teaching unit is the words. But in the
direct method, the teaching of English starts with the teaching of sentences
and not the individual words. ... Deductive is an old method of teaching where
the teacher teaches the rules of grammar first then explains with examples
THE DIRECT METHOD
Keeping
all these aspects of teaching in mind we will now have a look at the probably
first practiced way of teaching which has later resulted in the Direct Method.
The Direct Method, also called Natural Method, was established in Germany and
France around 1900. It appeared as an answer to the shortcomings of the Grammar
Translation Method. It is a method for teaching foreign languages that uses the
target language, discarding any use of mother tongue in the classroom. As
teachers became frustrated with the students’ inability to communicate orally,
they began to experiment with new techniques. The idea was that foreign
language teaching must be carried out in the same way people learn their mother
tongue.
·
Development
of direct method
As
Celle-Murcia supposes (Celle-Murcia 2014), already in the classical period
language teaching had as primary goal competence in communication. The world
had started closing in and the classical Greek developed into the koine
(κοινή), which was rather a spoken language. It was used nevertheless also in
most written texts of the long period from the 3rd century b.c. until the 3rd
century a.c., the most famous example of course being the New Testimony of The
Bible. What had begun as Alexandrian dialect now became lingua franca for the
European world (Metzler 2010). As books were quite expensive at that time, one
really has to assume that teaching took place orally in the first place
although of course also reading and writing will have been practiced. The focus
of learning was however the development of communicational skills.
·
Language
related goals to direct method
Let us have a look at the most important goal of this
method: The main focus lies on communication. Here a special emphasis is given
to spoken language rather than writing. Although active and passive skills are
furthered there is a certain bias in favor of speaking. Grammar is not dealt
with deductively, but students are expected to develop an intuitive feeling
inductively. There is a clear stress on fluency, pronunciation is trained from
beginning. As condition for this talking in free speech there is another stress
on vocabulary rather than on grammatical structures. Pupils learn to
communicate in the language but do not get deeper information about the
language.
·
Advantages
of direct method and disadvantages
The most obvious advantage is that the learner
achieves a good performance in the target language and learns to think in it.
Hence inappropriate translations are avoided. The student will not be able to
explain grammatical structures which might be a hindrance for self-correction.
In the beginning there might be a psychological barrier because of the
completely unknown language. This effect will be enhanced, if the culture of
the two languages is very different.
The direct method of teaching, which is sometimes
called the natural method, and is often (but not exclusively) used in teaching
foreign languages, refrains from using the learners' native language and uses
only the target language. It was established in England around 1900 and
contrasts with the grammar–translation method and other traditional approaches,
as well as with C.J. Dodson's bilingual method. It was adopted by key
international language schools such as Berlitz and Insignia in the 1970s and
many of the language departments of the Foreign Service Institute of the U.S.
State Department in 2012.In general, teaching focuses on the development of
oral skills.
·
Characteristic
features of the direct method
Teaching concepts and vocabulary through pantomiming,
real-life objects and other visual materials teaching grammar by using an
inductive approach (i.e. having learners find out rules through the
presentation of adequate linguistic forms in the target language)
The centrality of spoken language (including a
native-like pronunciation) focus on question-answer patterns
THE GRAMMAR TRANSITION METHOD
Before
we look at other achieved or targeted goals of this method we will have a look
at the directly language-related goals of the Grammar Translation method. The
grammar translation method is a method of teaching foreign languages derived
from the classical method of teaching Greek and Latin. In grammar-translation
classes, students learn grammatical rules and then apply those rules by
translating sentences between the target language and the native language.
Advanced students may be required to translate whole texts word-for-word. The
method has two main goals: to enable students to read and translate literature
written in the target language, and to further students’ general intellectual
development.
·
Development
of grammar transition method
According
to Coclé-Murcia the strand which led to this method began in the Renaissance.
People of the higher classes were very fond of showing their good education and
passing it on to their children. Middle class parents tried to foster their
children by providing them with an upper-class education. According to the idea
of rebirthing the classical age, they preferred the classic Latin from the
vulgate, the ancient Hellenistic Greek from the Koiné. Accordingly, the study
of classical texts and intensive occupation with the grammar were taught. As
the related technics were a matter of knowledge rather than practical use, they
were adopted by universities and in the beginning 19th century the Grammar
Translation Method was born.
·
Language
associated with goals of grammar
transition method
What are the main goals of this method? The emphasis
lies on understanding the target language, its structure, grammar and relation
to the first language. Students do not have to become fluent speakers of the
target language, but should be able to deductively produce correct language.
Reading of difficult texts and their translation should be learned. Highly
developed literacy is the main goal while communication is not fostered. As
result we can expect learners instructed by this method to have good knowledge
about the target language and its grammatical structures, to be better in
reading and writing than in speaking and listening and to be able to produce
correct items of language, especially in translations (even if this might not
be fluent). They will however possibly have problems to communicate in the
target language.
·
Advantage
and disadvantage of grammar transition method
The GTM is described as stultifying and tedious, thus
creating frustration and accused to reverse the natural learning process of a
language. Therefore, it is praised as a quick, easy and economical way of
teaching, especially where a large number of students have to be taught by one
teacher.
·
Characteristics
of Grammar transition method
ü Classes are taught in the
mother tongue
ü Much vocabulary is taught
in the form of lists of isolated words.
ü Little or no attention is
given to pronunciation.
ü Reading of difficult
texts is begun early.
ü Long, elaborate
explanations of the intricacies of grammar are given.
Question No 4
Give detailed account of Audio-Lingual
Method in English Teaching.
The audio-lingual method,
Army Method, or New Key is a method used in teaching foreign languages. It is
based on behaviorist theory, which postulates that certain traits of living
things, and in this case humans, could be trained through a system of
reinforcement. The correct use of a trait would receive positive feedback while
incorrect use of that trait would receive negative feedback.
This approach to language
learning was similar to another, earlier method called the direct method. Like
the direct method, the audio-lingual method advised that students should be
taught a language directly, without using the students' native language to
explain new words or grammar in target language. However, unlike the direct
method, the audio-lingual method did not focus on teaching vocabulary. Rather,
the teacher drilled students in the use of grammar.
Applied to language
instruction, and often within the context of the language lab, it means that
the instructor would present the correct model of a sentence and the students
would have to repeat it. The teacher would then continue by presenting new
words for the students to sample in the same structure. In audio-legalism,
there is no explicit grammar instruction: everything is simply memorized in
form.
The idea is for the
students to practice the particular construct until they can use it
spontaneously. The lessons are built on static drills in which the students
have little or no control on their own output; the teacher is expecting a
particular response and not providing the desired response will result in a
student receiving negative feedback. This type of activity, for the foundation
of language learning, is in direct opposition with communicative language
teaching.
Charles Carpenter Fries,
the director of the English Language Institute at the University of Michigan,
the first of its kind in the United States, believed that learning structure or
grammar was the starting point for the student. In other words, it was the
students' job to recite the basic sentence patterns and grammatical structures.
The students were given only “enough vocabulary to make such drills possible.”
Fries later included principles of behavioral psychology, as developed by B.F.
Skinner, into this method. The Audio-Lingual method of teaching had its origins
during World War II when it became known as the Army Method. It is also called the aural oral approach. It
is based on the structural view of language and the behaviorist theory of
language learning. The Audio-lingual Approach to language teaching has a lot of
similarities with the Direct Method. Both were considered as a reaction against
the shortcomings of the Grammar Translation method, both reject the use of the
mother tongue and both stress that speaking and listening competences preceded
reading and writing competences. But there are also some differences. The
direct method highlighted the teaching of vocabulary while the audio-lingual
approach focus on grammar drills
·
Structuralism
The structural view to
language is the view behind the audio-lingual method. This approach focused on
examining how the elements of language related to each other in the present,
that is, ‘synchronically‘ rather than ‘diachronically‘. It was also argued that
linguistic signs were composed of two parts, a signifier (the sound pattern of
a word) and a signified (the concept or meaning of the word). The study of
language aims at describing the performance, the “parole” as it is the only
observable part of language.
·
Behaviorism
Behaviorism is a
philosophy of psychology based on the proposition that all things which
organisms do — including acting, thinking and feeling—can and should be
regarded as behaviors. It contends that leaning occurs through associations,
habit formation and reinforcement. When the learner produces the desired
behavior and is reinforced positively, it is likely that behavior be emitted
again.
The objective of the
audio-lingual method is accurate pronunciation and grammar, the ability to
respond quickly and accurately in speech situations and knowledge of sufficient
vocabulary to use with grammar patterns. Particular emphasis was laid on
mastering the building blocks of language and learning the rules for combining
them. It was believed that learning structure or grammar was the starting point
for the student. Here are some characteristics of the method:
Language learning is
habit-formation,
Mistakes are bad and
should be avoided, as they are considered bad habits, language skills are
learned more effectively if they are presented orally first, then in written
form, analogy is a better foundation for language learning than analysis,
The meanings of words can
be learned only in a linguistic and cultural context.
The main activities
include reading aloud dialogues, repetitions of model sentences, and drilling.
Key structures from the dialogue serve as the basis for pattern drills of different
kinds. Lessons in the classroom focus on the correct imitation of the teacher
by the students. Not only are the students expected to produce the correct
output, but attention is also paid to correct pronunciation. Although correct
grammar is expected in usage, no explicit grammatical instruction is given. It
is taught inductively. Furthermore, the
target language is the only language to be used in the classroom.
·
Advantages
It aims at developing
listening and speaking skills which is a step away from the Grammar translation
method
The use of visual aids
has proven its effectiveness in vocabulary teaching.
·
Disadvantages
The method is based on
false assumptions about language. The study of language doesn’t amount to
studying the “parole”, the observable data. Mastering a language relies on
acquiring the rules underlying language performance. That is, the linguistic,
sociolinguistic, and discourse competences.
The behaviorist approach
to learning is now discredited. Many scholars have proven its weakness. Noam
Chomsky” has written a strong criticism of the principles of the theory.
Question
No 5
English assessment is based in Pakistan on “better one
reproduces in English writing, gets good grades”. If yes how? If no why?
Sound effects can reproduce the
sound of thunder. They haven't been able to reproduce the results of the first
experiment. Salmon return to the stream to reproduce offspring. The virus is
able to reproduce itself very rapidly.
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